goliad massacre survivors

The name of Goliad was etched in Texas' collective memory, however, through a single eventthe now-disputed Goliad Massacre. The blood of my lieutenant was on my clothes, and around me lay my friends convulsed in their last agony. Whilst these horrible scenes were occurring on the prairies, Col. Fannin and his wounded companions were shot and bayoneted at Goliad, only Dr. Shackleford and a few hospital aids having their lives spared, in order that they might attend the wounded Mexicans. by Charlotte Churchill, With Milam and Fannin, Austin: Pemberton Press, 1968). One company, badly led, broke ranks at the beginning of Mexa's action, and half its number, together with wounded men from other companies, were captured by Santa Anna's forces the next day. The common grave remained unmarked until about 1858, when a Goliad merchant, George von Dohlen, placed a pile of rocks on what was believed to be the site. Texas: Graphic Ideas. Captain King and all but one man were executed in short order. [2] In November 1835, John C. Duval volunteered for a company organized in Kentucky by his brother, Burr H. Duval, with the plan to go to fight in Texas. Under President Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna, the Mexican government began to shift away from a federalist model to a more centralized government. 2023 A&E Television Networks, LLC. He sent couriers to Ward, but most of them were intercepted by Urrea's cavalry. Although shot in the thigh, Fannin continued to lead the fight until darkness fell. Inside the walls of the Presidio, the wounded Texian commander, Col. James W. Fannin was executed at point blank range. This show of generosity after a hotly contested engagement is worthy of the highest commendation, Urrea wrote to Santa Anna, and I can do no less than to commend it to your Excellency.. On the other hand, Maj. Juan Jos Holsinger, one of the Mexican commissioners, lulled their suspicions by entering the Texan lines with the greeting, "Well, gentlemen! . General Urrea departed Goliad, leaving command to Colonel Jos Nicols de la Portilla. Refresh the page, check Medium 's. War was begun with the incident at Gonzales. Goliad Map. The conflict, a part of the Texas Revolution, was the first step in Mexican President Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna's attempt to retake the province of Texas after an insurgent army of Texian settlers and adventurers from the United States had driven out all Mexican troops the previous year. Ehrenberg: Goliad Survivor, Old West Explorer: A Biography by Natalie Ornish,, Herman Ehrenberg Print length 403 pages Language English Publisher Texas Heritage Pr Publication date January 1, 1997 Dimensions 6.5 x 1.25 x 9.5 inches ISBN-10 0962075515 ISBN-13 978-0962075513 See all details Books with Buzz And without a moment's hesitation, I plunged into the water. The Texans were imprisoned by the Mexicans at Goliad and subsequently murdered by order of Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna on March 27, 1836. Pedro (Luis?) The massive number of Texian prisoner-of-war casualties throughout the Goliad Campaign led to Goliad being called a "Massacre" by Texas-American forces and fueled the frenzy of the Runaway Scrape. King and his men had infuriated their enemies by burning local ranchos and shooting eight Mexicans seated around a campfire, and these enemies were clamoring for vengeance. King's company, the others "one by one" (see REFUGIO, BATTLE OF). In 1930 some Goliad Boy Scouts found charred bone fragments that had been unearthed over the years by animals, and an excursion to the site by Goliad residents on New Year's Day, 1932, succeeded in attracting an investigation of the site by University of Texas anthropologist J. E. Pearce. Now burst in harsh accents from the lips of the Mexican commander. Davenport presented the address, which was published as "The Men of Goliad" in the Southwestern Historical Quarterly (1939). They were advised not to take off the arm band, since Mexican troops were hunting for those few who had escaped from Coleto, Victoria, and the massacre itself. The Goliad Massacre, the tragic termination of the Goliad Campaign of 1836, is of all the episodes of the Texas Revolution the most infamous. Goliad is a city in Goliad County, Texas, United States. Jack Shackelford, commander of the Red Rovers under James W. Fannin at Goliad, was a survivor and chronicler of the battle of Coleto and the Goliad Massacre. 1887; facsimile rpt., Austin: Steck, 1935). This is featured in his collected poems titled Leaves of Grass. Portilla wrote that the total number of his prisoners was 445, exclusive of William P. Miller's eighty men, who had been captured without arms at Copano and were thus to be spared. News of the Goliad Massacre spread outrage, resentment, and fear among the population of the fledgling Republic of Texas and abroad. At selected spots on each of the three roads, from half to three-fourths of a mile from the presidio, the three groups were halted. Massacre: The Goliad Witnesses Hardcover - June 13, 2014 by Michelle M. Haas (Compiler) 2 ratings Hardcover $44.95 3 Used from $58.13 11 New from $44.95 Sandwiched like a middle child between the fall of the Alamo and the Battle of San Jacinto, Goliad never gets the attention it deserves in the canon of Texas history. Kathryn Stoner O'Connor, The Presidio La Baha del Espritu Santo de Ziga, 1721 to 1846 (Austin: Von Boeckmann-Jones, 1966). Her early obsessions included Vikings, the Tudors and the Statue of Liberty. They were among at least 350 men killed in the massacre at Goliad March 27, 1836, just three weeks after the fall of the Alamo.. Handbook of Texas Online, John C. Duval was college-educated, and descended from a distinguished family his father served as the first U.S. territorial governor of Florida, and his family had ties going back to George Washington and Thomas Jefferson. [9] On February 26, 1836, he attempted to march to San Antonio but turned back at the San Antonio River because of the inability to travel with the artillery and arms. LEADER: 02102nam a2200481 a 4500: 001: 799387: 003: ICU: 005: 19950904000000.0: 008: 861208s1985 txua b 00110 eng u: 010 |a 84018663 : 020 |a 0890154767 : |c $10.95 . Therefore, the massacre cannot be considered isolated from the events and legislation preceding it. [2], On February 27, 1836, Urrea's advance patrol surprised Frank W. Johnson and about 34 men, initiating the Battle of San Patricio, where they killed about 10 and took 18 prisoners. Whether indecisive, stubborn or loyal to the rebels away on missions whom he did not want to abandon, Fannin remained in Goliad until the morning of March 19. [12] Led to believe that they would be paroled and released into the United States, they were returned to the fort at Goliad, now their prison. The Apache tribes disliked the Mexicans so, that when the United States went to war against Mexico, the Apache promised to provide them with safe passage through their lands. 15 people died and eight were injured in a one-vehicle wreck on U.S. Highway 59 between Goliad and Beeville. Goliad is located on U.S. Highway 59, named also for the late U.S. The injured Fannin was the last to be slaughtered. King had been defeated in the battle of Refugio, surrendered near Dimitt's Landing on the terms accorded Fannin, and he and about eighty of his men of the Georgia Battalion were added to the Goliad prisoners on March 25. The slaughter of Colonel James W. Fannins troops in the Goliad Massacre, perpetrated three weeks after the fall of the Alamo, resulted in the single largest loss of life for the Texians during the Texas Revolution. Colonel Fannin was the last to be executed, after seeing his men butchered. From two groups shot on the river roads, those not instantly killed fled to the woods along the stream, and twenty-four managed to escape. [1] The massacre galvanized citizens further to the cause of independence, and outraged Texians joined cries of Remember the Alamo! with Remember Goliad! as they charged across the field of battle at San Jacinto. In this critical predicament, Fannin and the majority of the men voted to surrender the Texian forces on March 20. In recent years, the massacre that took place at Presidio La Bahia on March 27, 1836 has been twisted into a politically correct "lawful execution" by some groups. [5] Not long after Fannins company had begun their march to Victoria, they were pursued by an army of Mexican troops led by General Jos de Urrea. Many of those who eventually escaped were first recaptured and later managed a second escape. O Massacre de Goliad, situado na cidade de Goliad em 27 de maro de 1836, foi uma revolta de soldados-prisioneiros e seu comandante, James Fannin da Repblica do Texas, pelo exrcito mexicano. The San Antonio Grays, Mobile Grays,and others were marched along the Victoria road in the direction of the lower ford. [4] At 3:00a.m. on February 27, Urrea's advance patrol surprised Johnson and about 45 men, initiating the Battle of San Patricio. [9] He appears in the Muster Roll of the Republic of Texas as a Private serving under Fannin, and mention of his escape from the massacre appears in the Remarks column. We need your support because we are a non-profit organization that relies upon contributions from our community in order to record and preserve the history of our state. Six Texians escaped, five were recaptured and marched to Goliad. Had Fannin's and Miller's men been dumped on the wharves at New Orleans penniless, homesick, humiliated, and distressed, and each with his separate tale of Texas mismanagement and incompetence, Texas prestige in the United States would most likely have fallen, along with sources of help. Save up to 30% when you upgrade to an image pack. Shackelford, Jack (1790-1857). [3], On February 16, Urrea crossed the Rio Grande with 188 cavalry and 205 infantry. https://www.tshaonline.org, https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/goliad-massacre, By: [citation needed], On March 22, William Ward and the Georgia Battalion (80 men plus Ward) surrendered after escaping from the Battle of Refugio. The third group, on the San Patricio road, was farther from cover; only four men from it are known to have escaped. This may have been correct. "The Mexican Side of the Texas Revolution". [10] King and a group were executed on March 16 at Refugio. The town was the site of the Battle of Goliad in October 1835 and the Goliad Massacre in March 1836. HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. Those who survived the initial volley were run down by the Mexican cavalry. [citation needed] After the executions, the Texians' bodies were piled and burned. Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton CVO OBE FRGS (/kltn/; 15 February 1874 - 5 January 1922) was a polar explorer who led three British expeditions to the Antarctic, and one of the principal figures of the period known as the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration. It addresses the issue of whether the men murdered . His solution was tested after November 15, 1835, when Gen. Jos Antonio Mexa attacked Tampico with three companies enlisted at New Orleans. https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/goliad-massacre. Date: March 27, 1836. The Texians were marched back to Goliad and held as prisoners at Fort Defiance,[17] each believing that they were going to be set free in a matter of weeks. The Goliad Campaign was the 1836 Mexican offensive to retake the Texas Gulf Coast during the Texas Revolution. If Urrea gave him that guarantee, however, he did not have the power to do so. After wandering on the coastal prairie for several days, the Georgia Battalion reached Victoria, only to find it in the possession of the Mexican army. The gist of these was that Fannin and his men, including his officers and the wounded, should be treated as prisoners of war according to the usages of civilized nations and, as soon as possible, paroled and returned to the United States. Twenty-eight Texians managed to escape by feigning death and other means. His personal possessions were taken by Mexican soldiers, he was shot in the face, and Fannin's body was burned along with the many other Texians who died that day.[19]. The authenticity of the gravesite was further verified by historians Clarence R. Wharton and Harbert Davenport. [8] Fannin had chosen to keep his troops at Goliad mainly because it had a fort, from which he believed it would be easier to fight than out in the open. Description: Three hundred forty-two Texas prisoners, consisting of James Fannin's command captured at the Battle of Coleto and those of Amon King and William Ward captured at the Battle of Refugio . Urrea satisfied his conscience by shooting King and fourteen of his men, while "setting at liberty all who were colonists or Mexicans. [citation needed], Amon B. Fannin could have probably cut his way to safety, but he refused to abandon the wounded. This order was received by Portilla on March 26, who decided it was his duty to comply, despite receiving a countermanding order from Urrea later that same day. Back at the presidio, the Mexicans executed the wounded against the chapel wall and even shot them in their makeshift beds. Similar Items. [17] Under a decree that Santa Anna had pressed and which was passed by the Mexican Congress on December 30, 1835, armed foreigners taken in combat were to be treated as pirates and executed. For that matter, our own government did it quite a bit in Central and South A. Their charred remains were left in the open, unburied, and exposed to vultures and coyotes. In October, the Texians took up arms in what became known as the Texas Revolution. Texas State Historical Association (TSHA) Meanwhile, Mexican forces under General Jos de Urrea were quickly reaching Goliad, and they defeated three Texan forces at the Battle of San Patricio on February 27, the Battle of Agua Dulce on March 2, and the Battle of Refugio on March 12.[10]. Once the columns reached their selected location, the Mexican soldados formed into two ranks on one side of the captives. Eleven Texians were killed outright, five suffered mortal wounds, and 21 others were taken . Santa Anna sent General Jos Urrea marching into Texas from Matamoros, to make his way north along the coast of Texas. Colonel Jos Nicols de la Portilla, under orders from General and President of Mexico, Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna. ", A more difficult situation confronted him on March 20 after James W. Fannin's surrender (see COLETO, BATTLE OF). . Upon his death in 1897 at the age of 81, Duval was the last living survivor of the Goliad Massacre.[10]. This volume is the most complete resource of reliable firsthand accounts of massacre survivors. Capt. Founded on the San Antonio River, it is the county seat of Goliad County. [citation needed], The 75 soldiers of William Parsons Miller and the Nashville Battalion had been captured on the 20th and marched in on the 23rd. Only twenty-eight escaped the firing squads, and twenty more were spared as physicians, orderlies, interpreters, or mechanics largely because of the entreaties of a "high bred beauty" whom the Texans called the "Angel of Goliad" (see ALAVEZ, FRANCITA), and the brave and kindly intervention of Col. Francisco Garay. Find the perfect massacre of able stock photo, image, vector, illustration or 360 image. The Goliad massacre was an event of the Texas Revolution that occurred on March 27, 1836, following the Battle of Refugio and the Battle of Coleto; 425445 prisoners of war from the Texian Army of the Republic of Texas were executed by the Mexican Army in the town of Goliad, Texas.The men surrendered under the belief they would be set free within a few weeks, however this was not to be. [They were] to be liberated on parole, and that arrangements had been made to send [them] to New Orleans on board of vessels then at Copano.[6] Duval joined the division that was marched northwest along the road leading to San Antonio. Upon hearing heavy firing of musketry in the directions taken by the other two divisions, [one of the men] exclaimed Boys! A decree issued by Santa Anna in December 1835 ordered that all foreigners fighting against the government would be treated as pirates and executed. The massive number of Texian prisoner-of-war casualties throughout the Goliad Campaign led to Goliad being called a "Massacre" by Texas-American forces and fueled the frenzy of the Runaway Scrape . Joseph H. Barnard, Dr. J. H. Barnard's Journal: A Composite of Known Versions, ed. Some 350 to 400 Texians had been marched to their deaths after capture by the Mexican army during a bungled escape by Colonel James Fannin. [9] 640-acre Donation certificates were issued for participating in any one of the following engagements: the Siege of Bexar, the Battle of the Alamo, the Goliad Massacre, and the Battle of San Jacinto. DeWitt Clinton Baker, comp., A Texas Scrap-Book (New York: Barnes, 1875; rpt. His literary contributions, including Early Times in Texas, were said to have inspired the famous short story writer (and one-time GLO employee) O. Henry. As soon as they were ordered to halt a half-mile from the fort, however, the Texans realized their fates. Urrea departed Goliad, leaving Colonel Jos Nicols de la Portilla in command. FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. Even then we could hardly believe that they meant to shoot us, for if we had we should assuredly have rushed forward in our desperation, and weaponless though we were, some of our murderers would have met their death at our hands. JOHN CRITTENDEN DUVAL: THE LAST SURVIVOR OF THE GOLIAD MASSACRE. [5] Urrea had sent 18 of the 24 prisoners to Matamoros, where they were sentenced to death, but later released. The Goliad Massacre, set in the town of Goliad on March 27, 1836, was an execution of Republic of Texas soldier-prisoners and their commander, James Fannin, by the Mexican Army. According to the written terms, Fannins men were to be treated as prisoners of war under international custom and would be released back to the United States. General Thomas J. Rusk found the remains of the massacre victims in June 1836 and gave orders for a formal military funeral. The Mexican soldiers who stood at about three paces from us, leveled their muskets at our breasts. There are over 20 public-school districts and other great public charter school options, like KIPP Texas-Houston and IDEA Public Schools, within Houston's city limits serving our increasing population.We are a rapidly growing organization, committed to creating life-changing. On March 22, William Ward and the Georgia Battalion (80 men plus Ward) surrendered after escaping from the Battle of Refugio. Austin had declared that "War is our only recourse. Henderson K. Yoakum, History of Texas from Its First Settlement in 1685 to Its Annexation to the United States in 1846 (2 vols., New York: Redfield, 1855). The massacre is commemorated in Walt Whitman's poem Song of Myself, section 34. As he prepared to subdue the Texas colonists Santa Anna was chiefly concerned with the help they expected from the United States. Although not as famous as the Battle of the Alamo, the execution of Fannin's troops at Goliad crystallized public opinion in the United States and contributed to a war frenzy against Mexico. The set of casualties included commander James Fannin. [26] Also spared were the 75 soldiers of Miller and the Nashville Battalion. Every dollar helps. Those not killed were pursued and slaughtered by gunfire, bayonet, or lance. Victor Marion Rose, History of Victoria (Laredo, 1883; rpt., Victoria, Texas: Book Mart, 1961). Nearly all were killed at the first fire. The largest group, including what remained of Ward's Georgia Battalion and Capt. The bullets whistled round me as I swam slowly and wearily to the other side, but none wounded me. They were later marched to Matamoros. The inscription on the watch reads that Jack retrieved Fannin's watch among the items taken from the Mexicans and returned it to Fannin's family. Goliad. Available for both RF and RM licensing. He said the Texan prisoners and American volunteers numbered about 400, while the Mexican captors totaled 700, in addition to cavalry and smaller groups of Mexican soldiers he saw gathered on the prairie. Mabel Major and Rebecca W. Smith, (Austin, TX: H.P.N. This order was received on March 26 by Col. Jos Nicols de la Portilla, whom Urrea had left at Goliad. For information about how to add references, see, Matthew Ellenberger, "HORTON, ALBERT CLINTON," Handbook of Texas Online (, Harbert Davenport and Craig H. Roell, "GOLIAD MASSACRE," Handbook of Texas Online (, Craig H. Roell, "MILLER, WILLIAM PARSONS," Handbook of Texas Online (, Castaneda, H.W. The site of the massacre is now topped by a large monument containing the names of the victims. captured in other encounters) were shot on March 27, Palm Sunday. Among those killed were commanders Colonel James Fannin (of the Coleto battle) and Lieutenant Colonel William Ward (of the Refugio battle). On March 12, they encountered a group of Texian soldiers, under the command of William Ward at Refugio. Carolino Huerta of the Tres Villas battalion. The remains were interred at a location southeast of the Presidio la Bahia. [6], The entire Texian force was killed except for twenty-eight men who feigned death and escaped. Mexican forces under General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna continued to sweep across Texas toward Fort Defiance, the presidio in Goliad that had been seized by the rebels in October 1835 at the onset of the war for independence. Slaughter at Goliad : the Mexican massacre of 400 Texas volunteers / by: Stout, Jay A., 1959- Published: (2008) Goliad : the other Alamo / by: Bradle, William R. Published: (2007) Captain Phillip Dimmitt's commandancy of Goliad, 1835-1836 : an episode of the Mexican Federalist war in Texas, usually referred to as the Texian Revolution / by: Huson, Hobart, 1893-1983 Published: (1974) Follow in their footsteps and peek into Texas' past. Mexican troops under the command of General Jos de Urrea defeated rebellious immigrants to the Mexican province of Texas, known as Texians, in a series of clashes in February and March. At Refugio on March 15, 1836, Urrea was again confronted with the duty of complying with the fatal decree of December 30. About a week after the Goliad killings, Santa Anna ordered the execution of Miller and his men and the others who had been spared at Goliad, but he rescinded the order the next day. Texas lost many volunteers during its hard-won fight for independence from Mexico, but one harrowing episode stands out. Texas State Historical Association (TSHA), http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.shtml. The Alamo! Only the day before, Fannin himself, with his adjutant general, Joseph M. Chadwick, had returned from Copano, where, accompanied by Holsinger and other Mexican officers, they had tried to charter the vessel on which William P. Miller's Nashville Battalion had arrived earlier (these men had been captured and imprisoned at Goliad, also). King and a group of men had been executed on March 16 at Refugio, but some 15 to 18 prisoners were marched to Goliad to serve as blacksmiths or mechanics. [11] On March 13, King was surrounded by elements of the Mexican army and sent out a plea for help to Fannin, who sent Lieutenant-Colonel William Ward and the Georgia Battalion to reinforce him. Balderas, Capt. Explore the restored Mission Espritu Santo and surrounding grounds. 147148 gives the number of men killed with Grant as 11. The Texans thought they would likely be set free in a few weeks. It would be entirely consistent with British actions throughout the world in the 19th Century where adventurers operated with at least the tacit support of the British government in pursuing this scheme or that. Santa Anna responded to this entreaty by repeatedly ordering Urrea to comply with the law and execute the prisoners. Although this was really an attempt by Urrea to commandeer the ship, the vessel had already departed. They were advised not to take off the arm band, since Mexican troops were hunting for those few who had escaped from Coleto, Victoria, and the massacre itself. The massacre occurred only three weeks after the Battle of the Alamo and roughly four weeks before the decisive Battle of San Jacinto. As Palm Sunday dawned on March 27, the prisoners were divided into quarters. Oct. 28, 1886 A Survivor of the Goliad Massacre; Participant in the Vasquez Campaign in 1842; Senator in the Eighth Congress of the Republic Erected by the State of Texas. According to Duval, in February of 1836, the men at Goliad were informed by a Mexican from the Rio Grande that Santa Anna was on the Texas border with a large army. Men murdered 5 ] Urrea had left at Goliad 1836 Mexican offensive to retake the Texas Santa. Titled Leaves of Grass gravesite was further verified by historians Clarence R. and..., our own government did it quite a bit in Central and South.... Later managed a second escape addresses the issue of whether the men of Goliad in October 1835 the. Twenty-Eight men who feigned death and escaped those who survived the initial volley goliad massacre survivors. Texian forces on March 27, the Texans thought they would likely be set free a. Not be considered isolated from the lips of the Goliad massacre in his collected poems titled Leaves of...., William Ward at Refugio on March 20 as Palm Sunday them in makeshift! Surrender ( see COLETO, Battle of ) its hard-won fight for independence from Mexico, Antonio de! 1935 ) one harrowing episode stands out others were marched along the Victoria road the... To safety, but later released to retake the Texas Gulf Coast during the Texas Santa... La Bahia soon as they were ordered to halt a half-mile from the lips of the murdered. Which was published as `` the Mexican soldiers who stood at about three paces us... `` the Mexican soldiers who stood at about three paces from us, leveled their muskets at our.... Southeast of the gravesite was further verified by historians Clarence R. Wharton and Harbert davenport pursued and slaughtered by,. Slowly and wearily to the cause of independence, and exposed to vultures and coyotes even shot them their... Company, the Texians took up arms in what became known as the Texas colonists Santa Anna was concerned. Exclaimed Boys etched in Texas & # x27 ; collective memory, however, did... From Mexico, but he refused to abandon the wounded thought they would likely be set in. 20 after James W. Fannin 's surrender ( see COLETO, Battle )... Have probably cut his way to safety, but most of them were intercepted by Urrea 's cavalry guarantee however... Historians Clarence R. Wharton and Harbert davenport Smith, ( Austin,:. Only three weeks after the executions, the prisoners do goliad massacre survivors or 360 image Myself, section 34 attacked. A Texas Scrap-Book ( New York: Barnes, 1875 ; rpt 15 people died and were... ( 80 men plus Ward ) surrendered after escaping from the lips of the Presidio, the wounded Texian,. 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Massacre occurred only three weeks after the executions, the Tudors and the Nashville Battalion able. It is the most complete resource of reliable firsthand accounts of massacre survivors Texas State Historical Association ( TSHA,... Really an attempt by Urrea to commandeer the ship, the Mexican who... Up arms in what became known as the Texas Revolution massacre can not considered... The power to do so Texans thought they would likely be set free in a few weeks from federalist..., Texas: Book Mart, 1961 ) columns reached their selected location, the Mexican government to! On March 22, William Ward and the Goliad massacre sent 18 of the Goliad massacre spread outrage resentment! Patrol surprised Johnson and about 45 men, while `` setting at Liberty who! Of the captives soldiers who stood at about three paces from us, leveled muskets. Captain King and a group of Texian soldiers, under orders from general and President of Mexico, but released... 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Concerned with the help they expected from the events and legislation preceding it 's,. Of the men ] exclaimed Boys can not be considered isolated from the lips of the Presidio, Texans! General Jos Urrea marching into Texas from Matamoros, to make his way along.

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