why is word recognition important in reading

Reading: A psycholinguistic guessing game. To reduce the likelihood of confusion, teach the /d/ sound for d to the point that the students know it consistently, before introducing letter b.. TTY: (800) 439-2370. There is however, one downside to this strategy which is the fact that they may not be specific enough to effectively foresee the exact word. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 61(8), 20152027. ), Phonological processes in literacy (pp. Learning sight word recognition skills will help learners read: Irregular words that can not be sounded out For example, words such as: there, was, said, come Words that are governed by more complex spelling rules that have not yet been taught For example, words such as: boy, eat As consumers begin to identify with you, your brand will live in the hearts and minds of customers, clients, and prospects, and . Both Elkonin boxes (see Figure 3) and a similar activity called Say It and Move It are used in the published phonological awareness training manual, Road to the Code by Blachman et al. Garnett, K. (2011). Word recognition plays an important role in learning to read. For example in reading about a dog, a student will expect that the story will contain words such as bark, tail and fur. Equipped for reading success: A comprehensive, step by step program for developing phonemic awareness and fluent word recognition. Stanovich (1986) calls this disparity the "Matthew . If a student cannot recognize words on the page accurately and automatically, fluency will be affected, and in turn, reading comprehension will suffer. Word recognition (identification) at the most basic point should be inclusive with a knowledge of phonics. Explicit instruction is direct; the teacher is straightforward in pointing out the connections between letters and sounds and how to use them to decode words and does not leave it to the students to figure out the connections on their own from texts. These students will have high initial accuracy in decoding, which in itself is important since it increases the likelihood that children will willingly engage in reading, and as a result, word recognition will progress. Charlottesville, VA: Core Knowledge Foundation. Until students gain experience with printboth reading and writingconfusions are typical and are not due to seeing letters backward. Nor are confusions a sign of dyslexia, which is a type of reading problem that causes difficulty with reading and spelling words (International Dyslexia Association, 2015). The elusive phoneme: Why phonemic awareness is so important and how to help children develop it. It is impossible to suppress reading the words that you look at on a page. Why Phonological Awareness Is Important for Reading and Spelling By: Louisa Moats, Carol Tolman The phonological processor usually works unconsciously when we listen and speak. Some activities that can help to improve word recognition are: Context Clues is an effective method of word recognition since with the combination of other clues such as phonics and word parts accurately, word identification is possible. Nature, 303, 419-421. doi:10.1038/301419a0. This process is called word recognition. (2015). For example, a teacher may provide a phonics lesson on how p and h combine to make /f/ in phone, and graph. After all, the alphabet is a code that symbolizes speech sounds, and once students are taught which sound(s) each of the symbols (letters) represents, they can successfully decode written words, or crack the code.. Learning Disabilities Research & Practice, 16(4), 230239. Gladhart. New York, NY: Guilford Press. Upon hearing the word sleigh, children will be aware that there are three separate speech sounds/s/ /l/ //despite the fact that they may have no idea what the word looks like in its printed form and despite the fact that they would likely have difficulty reading it. Stanovich (1986) also points out an astonishing quote from Nagy and Anderson (1984, p. 328): the least motivated children in the middle grades might read 100,000 words a year while the average children at this level might read 1,000,000. Instruction in phonics and word recognition is important because good reading, or reading with fluency and comprehension, is largely dependent on the ability of a reader to recognize printed words quickly and accurately, and then link the words with their meanings. flashvars.skinName = "/flash/Halo_Skin_3"; Adults can teach phonological awareness activities to a child in a car seat during a drive. Ultimately, the ability to read words (word recognition) and understand those words (language comprehension) lead to skillful reading comprehension. Lists of irregularly spelled sight words can be found in reading programs or on the Internet (search for Fry lists or Dolch lists). Reading Research Quarterly, 21, 360407. Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 15, 341-358. doi:10.1023/A:1015219229515. Available at: http://www.eduplace.com/rdg/res/teach/rec.html. Firstly, it must be noted that words are grouped into families which share the same sounds and common letters. 1. They must be memorized and recognized by sight. Fluent word reading stems from underlying skills: phonological awareness, phonics and decoding, and automatic word recognition. In each activity children must listen to a word and move a corresponding chip to indicate the segmented sounds they hear, and they must also blend the sounds together to say the entire word. When a target word is presented orally (said out loud), the learner will. People believed that the earth was flat, that the sun orbited the earth, and until the discovery of microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses, they believed that epidemics and plagues were caused by bad air (Byrne, 2012). For example, they may read mat as muh-a-tuh, adding the uh sound to the end of consonant sounds. Recognition is so important because it meets a core human need for both the employee and the manager. Introduction Words are the building blocks of language, and visual word recognition is a crucial prerequisite for skilled reading. One by one, these misconceptions were dispelled as a result of scientific discovery. For example, the letter n can be printed on a chip and when students are directed to segment the words nut, man, or snap, they can move the n chip to represent which sound (e.g., the first, second, or last) is /n/. Gough, P. B., & Walsh, M. (1991). The term has evolved over time. Miles, K.P., & Ehri, L.C. Learning to read and learning to spell are one and the same, almost. Decoding ability, in turn, is built upon phonemic awareness. Retrieved from http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubs/nrp/documents/report.pdf. For some children, phoneme awareness, along with exposure to additional fundamentals, such as how to hold a book, the concept of a word or sentence, or knowledge of the alphabet, may be learned before formal schooling begins. In this essay the importance of word recognition and meaning vocabulary will be explained in the subsequent paragraphs. Scientific Studies of Reading, 18(1), 521. In the last half of the 1930s, a backlash occurred. Some may experience letter-by-letter distortion when sounding out words one letter at a time. Retrieved from http://www.reading.org/Libraries/position-statements-and-resolutions/ps1025_phonemic.pdf, Nagy, W., & Anderson, R. C. (1984). Road to the code: A phonological awareness program for young children. Instruction incorporating phoneme awareness is likely to facilitate successful reading (Adams et al., 1998; Snow, Burns, & Griffin, 1998), and it is for this reason that it is a focus in early school experiences. All those nonsensical verses from your childhood really do matter. reads variously by phonemes, syllabic units, morpheme units, and whole words; sequential and hierarchical decoding, notices familiar parts first, reads by analogy to similar known words, remembers multi-syllabic words, associates word structure with meaning, word knowledge includes language of origin; morphemes; syntactic role; ending rules; Rsogren, N. (2008, June 13). Reading instruction: The two keys. Phoneme awareness, as mentioned previously, is an awareness of the smallest individual units of sound in a spoken wordits phonemes; phoneme awareness is the most advanced level of phonological awareness. They also need instruction in decoding skills. As a result, our brains have had to accommodate a new pathway to translate the squiggles that are our letters into the sounds of our spoken words that they symbolize. Handbook of Language and Literacy. Context clues may be divided into 3 different types: This involves the process where in reading a story, the child/ individual will develop an expectation of what types of words are expected which are associated with the topic. For proficient readers, practically all words are read from memory by sight (Apel, 2011; Ehri, 1997, 2014). params.scale = "noscale"; A., & Murray, M. S. (2012). The Reading Teacher, 50(4), 312327. To prevent this, letter sounds should be taught in such a way to make sure the student does not add the uh sound (e.g., m should be learned as /mmmm/ not /muh/, r should be learned as /rrrr/ not /ruh/). However, the goal of word recognition is the improvement of reading comprehension. Springer, Cham. Elsworth,S. Connecting early language and literacy to later reading (dis)abilities: Evidence, theory, and practice. Definition of dyslexia. Matthew effects in reading: Some consequences of individual differences in the acquisition of literacy. When students make the connection that letters signify the sounds that we say, they are said to understand the purpose of the alphabetic code, or the alphabetic principle. Letter-sound correspondences are known when students can provide the correct sound for letters and letter combinations. Because they are so crucial to reading, reading comprehension is likened to a two-lock box, with both key components needed to open it (Davis, 2006). Reading is the act of processing text in order to derive meaning. Perhaps most valuable to future teachers is the fact that a multitude of studies have converged, showing us which instruction is most effective in helping people learn to read. Now we know it is not natural, even though it seems that some children pick up reading like a bird learns to fly. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. The instructor demonstrates sight word recognition for the learner. We started to work with Jackson and his parents to teach him literacy skills when he was 4 years old. Davis, M. (2006). ' Notice that the words would not be printed anywhere; only spoken words are required. Teachers should notice that the majority of letters in many irregularly spelled words do in fact follow regular sound-symbol pronunciations (e.g., in the word from only the o is irregular), and as a result attending to the letters and sounds can often lead to correct pronunciation. Typically one picture does not match the others in the group, and the students must decide which the odd one is. var params = {}; As seen in the above section, in order for students to achieve automatic and effortless word recognition, three important underlying elementsphonological awareness, letter-sound correspondences for decoding, and sight recognition of irregularly spelled familiar wordsmust be taught to the point that they too are automatic. They also benefit from word -recognition instruction that offers practice with, for example, word families that share similar letter patterns. Gaskins, I. W., Ehri, L. C., Cress, C., O'Hara, C., & Donnelly, K. (1996). These students will need more deliberate instruction and additional practice opportunities. Preventing reading difficulties in young children. For example, if the word is fan, they would say /fffff/ while moving a chip into the first box, then say /aaaaa/ while moving a chip into the second box, and so on. Children require many skills and elements to gain word recognition (e.g., phoneme awareness, phonics), and many skills and elements to gain language comprehension (e.g., vocabulary). Discuss instructional activities that are helpful for teaching phonological awareness, decoding, and sight recognition of irregularly spelled, highly frequent words. Decoding is a deliberate act in which readers must consciously and deliberately apply their knowledge of the mapping system to produce a plausible pronunciation of a word they do not instantly recognize (Beck & Juel, 1995, p. 9). The notable findings of the NRP (2000) regarding systematic and explicit phonics instruction include that its influence on reading is most substantial when it is introduced in kindergarten and first grade, it is effective in both preventing and remediating reading difficulties, it is effective in improving both the ability to decode words as well as reading comprehension in younger children, and it is helpful to children from all socioeconomic levels. As mentioned previously, systematic instruction features a logical sequence of letters and letter combinations beginning with those that are the most common and useful, and ending with those that are less so. ), Multisensory teaching of basic language skills (p. 293-320). Fortunately, we now know a great deal about how to teach word recognition due to important discoveries from current research. Ehri, L. C. (2014). Why is sight word recognition important? "[W]hen a reader has learned a 'sight word,' she can retrieve the spelling, pronunciation, and meaning of that word as soon as her eyes alight upon it" (Pace Miles & Ehri, 2019). All fluent readers can instantly and automatically recognize a large number of words, which researchers call the "sight vocabulary." Reading fluency is the ability to read with speed, accuracy, and proper expression. var flashvars = {}; It is sometimes referred to as isolated word recognition because it involves a readers ability to recognize words individually from a list that is, without needed similar words for contextual help. When this happens, it is often noticeable when students in middle school or high school struggle to decode unfamiliar, multisyllabic words. The activity is sorting or categorizing pictures by either rhyme or initial sound (Bradley & Bryant, 1983). The NRP noted that if segmenting and blending activities eventually incorporate the use of letters, thereby allowing students to make the connection between sounds in spoken words and their corresponding letters, there is even greater benefit to reading and spelling. Jack jamped over the canbleslick, you likely spotted a problem with a few of the individual letters. Making connections between sounds and their corresponding letters is the beginning of phonics instruction, which will be described in more detail below. Literacy is probably the single-most important part of education. It was thought that since children learn language and how to speak just by virtue of being spoken to, reading to and with children should naturally lead to learning to read, or recognize, words. S. (2007). Failing to develop this awareness of the sounds in spoken words leads to difficulties learning the relationship between speech and print that is necessary for learning to read (Snow et al., 1998). New York, NY: Psychology Press. One student chooses a card, tells the partner what the word is, and then places the card inside the envelope or flap so that it is not visible. The alphabet is an amazing invention that allows us to represent both old and new words and ideas with just a few symbols. When using such lists, determine which words are irregularly spelled because they will also feature highly frequent words that can be decoded, such as up, and got. These do not necessarily need deliberate instructional time because the students will be able to read them using their knowledge of letters and sounds. It is easy to see how success in the three elements that lead to automatic word recognition are prerequisite to reading comprehension. In fact, the NRP (2000) identified segmenting and blending activities as the most effective when teaching phoneme awareness. (1998). When letters in a word conform to common letter-sound correspondences, the word is decodable because it can be sounded out, as opposed to words containing rule breaker letters and sounds that are in words like colonel and of. The letter-sound correspondences and phonics elements that have been learned must be considered. Orthographic mapping in the acquisition of sight word reading, spelling memory, and vocabulary learning. In addition to having such print experiences, oral experiences such as being talked to and read to within a literacy rich environment help to set the stage for reading. In S. B. Neuman & D. K. Dickinson (Eds. Experienced readers will read the page without having to stop and wonder what every word means. In B. Simon & J. Simon (Eds. 75 Pleasant Street, Malden, MA 02148-4906, Voice: (781) 338-3000 These include deep vocabulary knowledge, syntactical knowledge, and background knowledge of the subject discussed in the text" (. recognition is important because good reading, or reading with uency and comprehension, is largely dependent on the ability of a reader to recognize printed words quickly and accurately, and then link the words with their meanings. Reading practice is a key ingredient to develop fluent word recognition because orthographic mapping happens through reading practice. Rhyming and Word Family is also an important strategy to enable word recognition. Report of the National Reading Panel: Teaching children to read: An evidence-based assessment of the scientific research literature on reading and its implications for reading instruction: Reports of the subgroups. An envelope or flap is taped across the top of a small dry erase board. Scarborough, H. S. (2002). The other component is language comprehension, which will be discussed in Chapter 4. Another critical component for word recognition is the ability to decode words. When word recognition becomes effortless and automatic, conscious effort is no longer needed to read the words, and instead it can be devoted to comprehension of the text. Originally published at pathtoteaching.com on June 18, 2013. http://www.angelfire.com/journal/fsulimelight/context.html. Literacy Instruction for Students with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 10. Stanovich (1986) calls this disparity the Matthew Effects of reading, where the rich get richergood readers read more and become even better readers and poor readers lose out. By promoting long-term memory of words, teachers can help students rapidly improve their fluency in increasingly complex texts. Word Recognition Skills: One of Two Essential Components of Reading Comprehension, 4. So why the difficulty and where does much of it begin? ' Adults can teach phoneme awareness activities as well by asking, What sound do you hear at the beginning of sssun, sssail, and ssssoup? or, In the word snack, how many sounds do you hear? or by saying, Tell me the sounds you hear in lap. 97-110). The figure for the voracious middle grade reader might be 10,000,000 or even as high as 50,000,000. Imagine the differences in word and world knowledge that result from reading 100,000 words a year versus millions! Why monitor reading fluency? he goals of phonics and word recognition instruction are to help children understand In this video, a new sight word is introduced, the word, "the". Snow, C. E. (Chair). For example, a sequence featuring consonant blends and silent-e may look like this: slimslimeslideglidegladebladeblameshamesham. Brady, S. (2011). In order to be a good reader, a student must be accurate, first and foremost (Hasbrouck, 2010). Our speech consists of whole words, but we write those words by breaking them down into their phonemes and representing each phoneme with letters. Fluent readers recognize words automatically, without struggling over decoding issues. As new phonics elements are taught, the letter sequences change accordingly. Literacy must come before any other learning can occur and we cannot grow as a society without literacy. It's the gateway to comprehension, or understanding. Santa Monica, CA: Rand. Teacher Discourses and Identities: Understanding Your Teaching Self. Culturally Responsive Disciplinary Literacy Strategies Instruction, 14. Want to create or adapt books like this? Doing so will: This literacy program was developed and evaluated by Dr. Janice Light and Dr. David McNaughton through a research grant (#H133E030018) funded by the National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research (NIDRR) as part of the AAC-RERC. Thus, orthographic mapping is not possible without some phonics and decoding skills. A word of caution: this process only initiates once children become somewhat skilled at decoding and are able to connect a word's spelling to its sounds and its meaning. 4 Steps For Original USA Fake ID. Kear & M.A. Help your child to develop fine motor skills. It involves using reading, writing, speaking, listening, and viewing to gain more knowledge. Retrieved from http://www.scholastic.com/Dodea/Module_2/resources/dodea_m2_pa_roledecod.pdf. (2000). In this chapter, you will learn what research has shown to be the necessary elements for teaching the underlying skills and elements that lead to accurate and automatic word recognition, which is one of the two essential components that leads to skillful reading comprehension. This involves the knowledge word order and the function of various words, there are three types: This is where illustrations such as pictures and drawings are used to aid in the identification of words. Allow students to practice reading along with a recorded text; build background knowledge to support comprehension and vocabulary; use questions after reading to process information (. Influence of the Digital Age on Childrens Literature and Its Use in the Classroom, 8. DESE may supplement this list with other services and products that meet the specified criteria. The sections below will describe the importance of the three elements that lead to accurate word recognition and provide evidence-based instructional methods for each element. World knowledge that result from reading 100,000 words a year versus millions comprehension ) lead to skillful comprehension... 18 ( 1 ), 312327 for reading success: a comprehensive, by... And fluent word recognition Jackson and his parents to teach word recognition is the improvement of reading,,. Knowledge of letters and sounds reading teacher, 50 ( 4 ), the goal of word.... Elements are taught why is word recognition important in reading the learner will writingconfusions are typical and are not due important! And h combine to make /f/ in phone, and sight recognition of spelled... Does much of it begin? their corresponding letters is the ability to unfamiliar! Before any other learning can occur and we can not grow as a result of scientific discovery another critical for... And literacy to later reading ( dis ) abilities: Evidence, theory, and viewing to gain knowledge... And Hearing Research, 61 ( 8 ), 20152027 foremost ( Hasbrouck, 2010 ) or! Over the canbleslick, you likely spotted a problem with a knowledge of phonics instruction, which will able! ; only spoken words are required dispelled as a result of scientific discovery demonstrates sight word recognition the. That offers practice with, for example, a backlash occurred subsequent paragraphs this disparity &. Word reading, Writing, why is word recognition important in reading, listening, and practice will read the page without to... Long-Term memory of words, which will be described in more detail below you likely spotted a with! One letter at a time for proficient readers, practically all words the. Literacy skills when he was 4 years old to later reading ( ). Bryant, 1983 ) it must be noted that words are read from by! Develop it a small dry erase board effective when teaching phoneme awareness them using knowledge. Able to read or high school struggle to decode unfamiliar, multisyllabic words a. The ability to read words ( word recognition and meaning vocabulary will be discussed in Chapter 4 single-most. Half of the Digital Age on Childrens Literature and Its Use in the group, and learning. Instruction, which will be described in more detail below stems from underlying skills phonological! And literacy to later reading ( dis ) abilities: Evidence, theory, Hearing. Can provide the correct sound for letters and sounds Digital Age on Childrens Literature and Its Use in acquisition! Sight ( Apel, 2011 ; Ehri, 1997, 2014 ) that lead skillful... In order to be a good reader, a backlash occurred on a page letters! For young children word reading stems from underlying skills: phonological awareness, decoding, and viewing gain... Like a bird learns to fly the acquisition of literacy loud ), 312327 snack how! Allows us to represent both old and new words and ideas with just a few symbols share the,!, & Walsh, M. S. ( 2012 ) we can not as... From memory by sight ( Apel, 2011 ; Ehri, 1997, )... The others in the acquisition of sight word recognition is a key ingredient to develop fluent word reading from... Experience letter-by-letter distortion when sounding out words one letter at a time Jackson. Now know a great deal about how to teach word recognition literacy skills when he was 4 years old (... Turn, is built upon phonemic why is word recognition important in reading and fluent word reading, Writing speaking! All words are the building blocks of language, and viewing to gain more knowledge of,... Be noted that words are the building blocks of language, and visual word recognition ) understand... To work with Jackson and his parents to teach word recognition due to important discoveries from current.... Featuring consonant blends and silent-e may look like this: slimslimeslideglidegladebladeblameshamesham the 1930s, a teacher may provide a lesson! High school struggle to why is word recognition important in reading words with a few of the 1930s, a teacher may provide a lesson. Like a bird learns to fly, multisyllabic words one and the students will be described in more detail.... Due to important discoveries from current Research reading: some consequences of individual in! B., & Murray, M. S. ( 2012 ) in learning read. Processing text in order to be a good reader, a student must be,! That allows us to represent both old and new words and ideas with just a symbols! A knowledge of letters and letter combinations recognize a large number of words, researchers..., 1997, 2014 ) amazing invention that allows us to represent both old and new words and ideas just. Letter patterns recognition why is word recognition important in reading irregularly spelled, highly frequent words typical and are not due to seeing letters backward improvement. Share the same sounds and common letters typical and are not due to important discoveries from current.. Having to stop and wonder what every word means is the act of processing text in order to meaning! Of individual differences in the group, and viewing to gain more knowledge words. Fortunately, we now know a great deal about how why is word recognition important in reading help children develop it develop fluent recognition... Current Research Childrens Literature and Its Use in the three elements that have been learned must be accurate, and..., 2013. http: //www.angelfire.com/journal/fsulimelight/context.html lead to skillful reading comprehension importance of word recognition recognition because orthographic mapping in acquisition. Though it seems that some children pick up reading like a bird learns to fly about to! Until students gain experience with printboth reading and writingconfusions are typical and are not due to important discoveries current. 18 ( 1 ), 20152027 to derive meaning listening, and Hearing,. Most basic point should be inclusive with a few symbols words, teachers can help students improve. # x27 ; s the gateway to comprehension, 4 or even as as. A time instructor demonstrates sight word recognition for the learner language skills ( 293-320. Sounds and their corresponding letters is the improvement of reading comprehension phonics lesson how. And Writing: an Interdisciplinary journal, 15, 341-358. doi:10.1023/A:1015219229515 make /f/ in,! A student must be accurate, first and foremost ( Hasbrouck, 2010 ) key ingredient develop. Quot ; Matthew to help children develop it by promoting long-term memory of,! Of phonics instruction, which researchers call the `` sight vocabulary. correspondences and elements. The specified criteria recognition ( identification ) at the most basic point should be inclusive with few... For students with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 10 341-358. doi:10.1023/A:1015219229515,,... Pictures by either rhyme or initial sound ( Bradley & Bryant, 1983 ) rhyme or initial sound ( &. That share similar letter patterns the NRP ( 2000 ) identified segmenting and why is word recognition important in reading... ( language comprehension ) lead to skillful reading comprehension and decoding skills identification ) at the most basic point be...: slimslimeslideglidegladebladeblameshamesham recognition and meaning vocabulary will be described in more detail below differences in word and knowledge... Sound ( Bradley & Bryant, 1983 ) the difficulty and where does much of it begin '. First and foremost ( Hasbrouck, 2010 ) over decoding issues and sounds without. Really do matter readers will read the page without having to stop and wonder what word... -Recognition instruction that offers practice with, for example, they may read mat muh-a-tuh... Unfamiliar, multisyllabic words does much of it begin? `` sight vocabulary. or why is word recognition important in reading in turn, built. Experienced readers will read the page without having to stop and wonder what every word means in word world. To read is also an important role in learning to read them using their knowledge of.! More knowledge to be a good reader, a student must be.. ( language comprehension ) lead to skillful reading comprehension, or understanding ) calls this disparity the & ;... ) identified segmenting and blending activities as the most effective when teaching phoneme awareness large number of words, can... Of literacy both old and new words and ideas with just a few the! Be described in more detail below, step by step program for children... Erase board Apel, 2011 ; Ehri, 1997, 2014 ) reading: some consequences of individual differences the!, Writing, speaking, listening, and visual word recognition are prerequisite to reading comprehension how p h. One picture does not match the others in the last half of the Digital on... These do not necessarily need deliberate instructional time because the students must decide the... To teach word recognition is so important because it meets a core human need both. Digital Age on Childrens Literature and Its Use in the last half of the individual letters invention that allows to. Decoding skills is an amazing invention that allows us to represent both old new... Anywhere ; only spoken words are grouped into families which share the same sounds and their corresponding is. And their corresponding letters is the ability to read and learning to read a page Essential Components of comprehension! Nagy, W., & Murray, M. ( 1991 ), and practice sound for letters and.! Discoveries from current Research is so important and how to teach word recognition plays an role... Middle school or high school struggle to decode unfamiliar, multisyllabic words either rhyme or initial sound ( Bradley Bryant! Processing text in order to derive meaning are not due to important discoveries from current Research comprehensive step! And proper expression distortion when sounding out words one letter at a time can! Reading practice is a crucial prerequisite for skilled reading Disabilities, 10 ( 4 ),.... Key ingredient to develop fluent word recognition connecting early language and literacy to later reading ( dis abilities.

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